TEST

Today in West. Civ. class we took a test and that is what we have been doing. Then we were chilling and talking about the final and stuff, then Mr. Schick went to go grade our tests.

Fuedalism review

Sorry forgot to post this for last week!
• Feudalism: studies the relationship between landowners and warriors; terms used by historians to describe governmental system; government and social institutions
• feudal compact: Lord would grant a fief (property) to the knight, who then become lord's vassal(servant)- this was feudal compact; an exchange of property or personal service an agreement and formal contract with a person
• Fief: Property-- Lord gives this to a knight to become his vassal in the contract
• Vassal: a warrior who agreed to serve a greater warrior in exchange for secure possession of land;
• Knight: a warrior, has to go through apprentice with an older knight, eminent with a lord in feudal compact
• Homage: a vassal's act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord
• Serf: a peasant bound to work for a landowner -a lifelong hereditary status-as a condition for hereditary possession of a small farm
• Baron: a great lord who exercised government authority over vast family territory
• Peasantry: lowest group of estate, "those who work" the common people in town and countryside, including everyone from wealthy merchants and lawyers to landless farm workers, whose labors supported the clergy and nobles as well as themselves
• Estates: In the middle ages, the groups that made up society; often defined as those who pray, those who fight, and those who work
• Manor:  the principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a Church institution
• three-field-system: A method of crop rotation designed to maintain and fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops
• internal colonization: The process of cultivating and settling in formerly wild land in medieval Europe
• Suburb: a village outside of walls
• Guild: an organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulaed the activities of their members and set standards and prices
• Master: A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business
• Journeyman: A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master and paid at a fixed rate per day
• Apprentice: A "learner" in the shop of a master
• Masterpiece:  The final product of a merant, carpenter or such
• water mill

and yes, iron plow

Feudalism

Sorry didn't post this just made it a draft my b!

• Feudalism studies the relationship between landowners and warriors; terms used by historians to describe governmental system
• Warriors pledge allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land
• Lord would grant a fief (property) to the knight, who then become lord's vassal(servant)- this was feudal compact
• Vassall must fight for lord when he needs  it and attend his court once a month

Homage and Knighthood

• A vassal was required to pay homage to his lord, usually this meant kneeling down and taking lord;s hands in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
• Men were apprenticed to older knights before they could become full knight themselves
• When a knight died, his fief would revert to his son, through his lord would be protector of that son if he was underage, or if it was a daughter

The Feudalization of the Church

• Some clergy were known to fight as knights themselves

Feudal States

• Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king, next step higher then lord
• Often barons army could outnumber that of a king, which kept a check on kings power
• Divine right of the king gave him power over his vassals, no matter how much land theyhad
• In countries like France and England the kings built up enough land and power to rule effectively over their barons

Manroial Estate:

• Medieval society was divided into 3 estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people
• Usually peasantry farmed on large plantations known as "manors" which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility
• Iron plows and water powered grinding mills helped with agricultural productions, but yield was still miniscule by today's standards
• To maintain helft of the soil, the "Three field system" was used where two fields were lanted on (one in spring, one in fall) and one field was left to reconstitute its fertilityt then they were rotated
• Villages spring up on and around manors with small cottages for the peasants and a large manor house for lord and lady

People of the Manor

• Lord oversaw major agricultural issues but delegated everyday overseeing to his stewards or bailiffs
• Lady of house ran household operatiions, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
• Most peasants were serfs, meaning they were bound to the land, to their lords for labor service a few days each week
• Serfs were responsible for "internal colonization" of europe that is the cultivating and settling of previously uninhabited land

Growth of Trade

• Agricultural boom after 1000 alloed for the establishment of many towns across Europe
• Farm produce and animals were sold in towns and people with wealth bought their luxury items there
• Items like psiced and silks came overland forom port cities like Venice and Genoa who recieved the goods from eastern sapitals like Constantinople
• Europeans exported wool linen horses weaponry and slaves 
• Europeans and Low countries were practically known for trade in wool and cloth 

Location and Appearance of Towns

• Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• Residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• Towns were dominated by main church and central marketplace
• Buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town

Life of Townspeople

• Thorugh townspeople were free, unlike serfs they still had hierachy: merchants at the top, then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers and apprenctices 

The Guilds

• Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• Craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen and apprenctices
• Once became a master after spending years learning as an apprenctice working as a paid jounrey man for a numnber of years, and completing his "masterpiece"

Test Results

Well on class on Wednesday we started to go over the tests that we just had. The test results showed that we were the most prepared class and compared to the others we were very very intelligent. We had the most A's and the least amount of F's. Personally I contributed to getting an A with a 96, I could have done better and wish I had studied my spelling, but other then that I did excellent.

Pop Quiz- After Rome 500-700 AD

• Germanic Barbarians
• Barbarian warlords and families assimilated into Roman culture became nobles or aristocrats of medieval Europe
• Germanic tribes ruled former Roman lands, sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived beyond frontiers and were still pagans
• Angles and Saxons invaded Britain and assimilated with native Britons
• Most Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in 7th century
• Most powerful Germanic tribe was Franks
• Real power lay with "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves
• From Eastern Empire to Byzantium
• Eastern Roman Empire continued while west divided into barbarian tribes
• Justinian came to power in 527, decided to reunite entire Roman Empire by conquiring western territories 
• In 476 The western empire ended
• Justinian succedded for a time, but land he retook soon conquered by new tribes and massive plague depopulated much of west
• Greek Byzantine emperors saw themsevles Roman Emperors and heads of Christian Church
• Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy and writing despite much of it being non christian
• Justinian built massive domed Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in Constantinople, considered to be most glorious church on earth at the time
• Cathedral of Hagia Sophia

Two Emperors

Diocletian:

• He ruled from 284
• cool to persecute Christians
• Jacked up army to 400,000 
• Jacked up government 20,000 officials

Constantine:

• ruled from 306-337
• it's okay to be Christian
• Conversian of Christianity (sign)
• 313- Edict of Milan
• Built new capital Byzantium, soon changed to Constantinople
• East is new capital
• West is hard to take over

Life in 4th Century:

• country men are bankrupt because of the endless tax collection
• Farm system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• Rome power is decreasing
• Western Empire is too poor
• Huns migrate out of China to eastern Europe and take big chunks of empire: The Huns came from China. he Hunnic empire was formed under the reign of Attila, centered in present-day Hungary; its territory included parts of Germany, the Balkans, and Ukraine. It bordered the Eastern Roman Empire to the southeast and the Western Roman Empire to the west and southwest; its other boundaries are uncertain. 
• The Angles were people from German descent who conquered what is now modern-day Britain during the fall of the Roman Empire. The name England originates from the Angles.
• Visigoths take over Spain, actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410:  The Visigoths responded by moving into Roman territory near the mouth of the Danube (in today’s Bulgaria).  But the Romans abused them: officials from Constantinople demanded illegal tribute from Visigoths; when the Visigoths refused to pay, Roman soldiers took their children as slaves, raped the women, and tortured the men.  In 378, 50,000 Visigoths rebelled and defeated an army sent from Constantinople.  They then moved through Greece and along the Adriatic Sea towards Italy. They then seized control over the rich farm land of southern Gaul.
• Vandals Control Carthage and Western Mediterranean: The Vandals invaded Rome's territories in Gaul.  The Vandals moved into Spain and North Africa, and seized control over Roman Numidia in 439.  In 455 the Vandals attacked and plundered Rome from the sea. 
• Other Tribes
• Ostrogoths in Italy 
• Farnks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britains
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• Ostrogoths
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• Ostrogothic Kingdom
• The Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 AD. During the 20 year war, the Ostrogoths conquered large parts of Italy.
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• The Angles were people from German descent who conquered what is now modern-day Britain during the fall of the Roman Empire. The name England originates from the Angles.
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• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
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• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work (such a deal!)
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• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire 
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• foreshadowing feudalism

From the beginnings

• 500 BC- the moarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- The Twelve Tables are established

...throught the glory days...

• 44 BC- end of the line for JC
• 27 BC- 180 AD- The Roman Peace (Pax Romana)

to the bitter end..

• constants fifth centure invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shatterd and crumbling
• Last emperor was teenage boy installed in  475 by his father
• barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him 
• 476 last emperor gone of Western Empire

TEST

Today in class we had the Rome part 2 test and boy was it difficult! The full in the blank was hard only because I did not know how to spell the words. I knew what I wanted to say but I did not know how to write them down. I believe my short answer answers were on point and got a hundred on that part, however I did not know how to spell A couple words and see if there will be points taken off because I knew the word but just not the spelling. Overall I think I prepared well and had an okay grade (92ish).